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Learning About Life in Japan Through Words ② Types and meanings of 「お辞儀(おじぎ)」 ─ When is a light bow right?

Kotoba Drill Editor

Today’s theme

In Japan, people bow(「お辞儀(おじぎ)」)when greeting, showing thanks, or apologizing. It’s not only lowering the head. Depending on the situation, the angle and the words change.

In this article, we learn the action and the words together, so you can understand Japanese politeness in a practical way.


Words of the day

JapaneseReadingMeaning & use
「会釈」(えしゃく [eɕakɯ])A light bow for brief greeting. When passing by or making eye contact.
「敬礼」(けいれい [keːɾeː])A polite, deeper bow. For customers or to seniors at work.
「最敬礼」(さいけいれい [saikeːɾeː])The deepest, longest bow. For apology or deep gratitude.
「失礼します」(しつれい します [ɕitsɯɾeː ɕimasɯ])Said when entering/leaving a room; shows respect and care.
「よろしくお願いします」(よろしく おねがいします [joɾoɕikɯ oneɡai ɕimasɯ])A fixed phrase to ask for cooperation or future relation.

Examples:

  • 会釈: In the hallway, give a light bow(会釈)when you pass someone.
  • 敬礼: When handing a product to a customer, bow politely(敬礼)and say 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you).
  • 最敬礼: When you made a mistake, bow deeply(最敬礼)and say 「申し訳ございません」(I’m very sorry).
  • 失礼します: Knock and say 「失礼します」(Excuse me)before you enter.
  • よろしくお願いします: Before starting work, say 「本日もよろしくお願いします」(Thank you in advance).
Callout

Point: Combine action and words. Either one alone feels incomplete.


Culture note: bowing is part of language

Japanese bowing is completed together with words. For example, say 「失礼します」(Excuse me)with a light bow, or say 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you)with a polite bow.

“Only words” or “only attitude” can feel lacking. Together, they become proper etiquette. Even a quiet movement can show respect.


Three types of bows and how to use them

TypeAngleCommon situationsCommon phrases
会釈about 15°passing by; light greeting「こんにちは」(Hello)「お疲れ様です」(Thank you for your hard work)
敬礼about 30°customer service; greeting a superior「ありがとうございます」(Thank you)「よろしくお願いします」(Thank you in advance)
最敬礼about 45°apology; deep thanks; formal scene「申し訳ございません」(I’m truly sorry)「心より感謝申し上げます」(I sincerely thank you)

The deeper the angle, the stronger your respect and feelings. 会釈 is for light greeting; 最敬礼 shows deep apology or gratitude.

Basic form(standing)

  1. Posture: keep your back straight; feet together.
  2. Hands: at your sides(men)or lightly together in front(often in business manners).
  3. Angle: use 15°/30°/45° as a guide; bend forward slowly.
  4. Eyes: look slightly downward; avoid staring.
  5. Timing: words → bow → return slowly. This feels natural.
Note

When seated, the idea is the same: straighten your back and match words with movement.

Common mistakes and tips

  • Too fast/only the neck: if only the neck moves, it looks curt. Move from the upper body, slowly.
  • Smiling with 最敬礼: for deep apology or thanks, keep a calm face.
  • Unstable gaze: look slightly down to appear composed.

Grammar points: 「〜いたします」 and 「〜申し上げます」

Both are humble forms that lower oneself and raise the other person.

「〜いたします」

  • A polite, modest form of 「します」.
  • Used to state your own action politely.

Examples:

  • 「ご案内いたします」(I will guide you)
  • 「準備いたしました」(We have prepared it)
  • 「よろしくお願いいたします」(Thank you in advance)

「〜申し上げます」

  • Used to express strong feelings like gratitude or apology.
  • The humble form of “to say”.

Examples:

  • 「心より感謝申し上げます」(I sincerely thank you)
  • 「深くおわび申し上げます」(I deeply apologize)
  • 「新年のごあいさつを申し上げます」(I extend New Year’s greetings)
Callout

Note: 「申し上げます」 pairs well with 最敬礼. Together with a deep bow, it shows the highest respect.


Culture and words(mapping)

ActionMatching wordsBackground
Light bow「お疲れ様です」(おつかれさまです [otsɯkaɾe sama desɯ])(Thank you for your hard work)Kind regard; keeping social distance
Polite bow「ありがとうございます」(ありがとう ございます [aɾiɡatoː ɡozaimasɯ])(Thank you)Showing gratitude in visible form
Deep bow「申し訳ございません」(もうしわけ ございません [moːɕiwake ɡozaimasen])(I’m truly sorry)Emphasizing respect and reflection
Enter a room「失礼します」(しつれい します [ɕitsɯɾeː ɕimasɯ])(Excuse me)Manners before entering someone’s “inside”
Ending a talk「よろしくお願いします」(よろしく おねがいします [joɾoɕikɯ oneɡai ɕimasɯ])(Thank you in advance)Wishing for a good continuing relation
Before hanging up「失礼いたします」(しつれい いたします [ɕitsɯɾeː itaɕimasɯ])(Excuse me)Staying polite even on the phone

Mini dialogues by scene

1) Passing at work

A: 「おはようございます」(Good morning). (会釈) B: 「おはようございます」(Good morning). (会釈)

2) In a shop

Clerk: 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you). (敬礼) Customer: 「お願いします」(Please). (light 会釈)

3) Apologizing for a mistake

Staff: 「このたびはご迷惑をおかけして、申し訳ございません」(I’m very sorry). (最敬礼) Boss: 「今後は気をつけてください」(Please be careful next time).

4) Entering / leaving a room

Visitor: 「失礼します」(Excuse me). (会釈して入る) Host: 「よろしくお願いいたします」(Thank you in advance). (敬礼)


Practice: try it

  1. Match words and angles. Which angle fits these? (会釈/敬礼/最敬礼)
    a) 「ありがとうございます」 b) 「申し訳ございません」 c) 「お疲れ様です」
  2. Read aloud. Practice 「失礼します」「よろしくお願いします」with voice and movement together.
  3. Role‑play: make a 1‑minute dialogue(clerk ↔ customer, boss ↔ staff).

Summary

  • Bowing becomes proper etiquette when action and words are used together.
  • 会釈・敬礼・最敬礼 show the strength of feeling and social distance.
  • 「〜いたします」「〜申し上げます」 are humble forms that raise the listener.
  • In Japan, both movement and words convey considerate respect.

Next: 「ことばで知る日本のくらし③」(Everyday Japan through Words ③)
「コンビニで学ぶ日本語の敬語 ─ 『温めますか?』にある思いやり」(Honorifics at the convenience store ─ the care behind “Shall I warm it up?”)

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