
Learning About Life in Japan Through Words ② Types and meanings of 「お辞儀(おじぎ)」 ─ When is a light bow right?

Today’s theme
In Japan, people bow(「お辞儀(おじぎ)」)when greeting, showing thanks, or apologising. It is not only lowering the head; depending on the situation, the angle and the words change.
This article pairs movement with language so you can understand Japanese politeness in everyday scenes.
Words of the day
| Japanese | Reading | Meaning & use |
|---|---|---|
| 「会釈」 | (えしゃく [eɕakɯ]) | Light bow for brief greeting. Passing by or making eye contact. |
| 「敬礼」 | (けいれい [keːɾeː]) | Polite, deeper bow. For customers or greeting a superior. |
| 「最敬礼」 | (さいけいれい [saikeːɾeː]) | Deepest, longest bow. For apology or deep gratitude. |
| 「失礼します」 | (しつれい します [ɕitsɯɾeː ɕimasɯ]) | Said when entering/leaving a room; shows respect. |
| 「よろしくお願いします」 | (よろしく おねがいします [joɾoɕikɯ oneɡai ɕimasɯ]) | Fixed phrase asking for cooperation/continued relation. |
Examples:
- 会釈: In the corridor, give a light bow(会釈)when you pass someone.
- 敬礼: Handing a product to a customer, bow(敬礼)and say 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you).
- 最敬礼: After a mistake, bow deeply(最敬礼)and say 「申し訳ございません」(I am very sorry).
- 失礼します: Knock and say 「失礼します」(Excuse me)before entering.
- よろしくお願いします: Before work, say 「本日もよろしくお願いします」(Thank you in advance).
Point: Combine action and words. Either one alone feels incomplete.
Culture note: bowing is part of language
Japanese bowing is completed together with words. Say 「失礼します」(Excuse me)with a light bow, or 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you)with a polite bow.
“Only words” or “only attitude” can feel lacking. Together, they become proper etiquette. A quiet movement also shows respect.
Three types of bows and how to use them
| Type | Angle | Common situations | Common phrases |
|---|---|---|---|
| 会釈 | about 15° | passing by; light greeting | 「こんにちは」(Hello)「お疲れ様です」(Thank you for your hard work) |
| 敬礼 | about 30° | customer service; greeting a superior | 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you)「よろしくお願いします」(Thank you in advance) |
| 最敬礼 | about 45° | apology; deep thanks; formal scene | 「申し訳ございません」(I’m truly sorry)「心より感謝申し上げます」(I sincerely thank you) |
The deeper the angle, the stronger the respect and feeling. 会釈 is for light greeting; 最敬礼 shows deep apology or gratitude.
Basic form(standing)
- Posture: back straight; feet together.
- Hands: by your sides(men)or lightly together in front(often in business).
- Angle: 15°/30°/45° as a guide; bend slowly.
- Eyes: look slightly down; do not stare.
- Timing: words → bow → return slowly.
When seated, keep the same idea: straighten your back and match words with movement.
Common mistakes and tips
- Too fast/only the neck: looks curt. Move from the upper body.
- Smiling with 最敬礼: for deep apology/thanks, keep a calm face.
- Wandering eyes: look slightly down to appear composed.
Grammar points: 「〜いたします」 and 「〜申し上げます」
Both are humble forms used to raise the listener.
「〜いたします」
- Polite, modest form of 「します」.
- Used for one’s own action.
Examples:
- 「ご案内いたします」(I will guide you)
- 「準備いたしました」(We have prepared it)
- 「よろしくお願いいたします」(Thank you in advance)
「〜申し上げます」
- Used for strong feelings such as gratitude/apology.
- Humble form of “to say”.
Examples:
- 「心より感謝申し上げます」(I sincerely thank you)
- 「深くおわび申し上げます」(I deeply apologise)
- 「新年のごあいさつを申し上げます」(I extend New Year’s greetings)
Note: 「申し上げます」 pairs well with 最敬礼. With a deep bow, it shows highest respect.
Culture and words(mapping)
| Action | Matching words | Background |
|---|---|---|
| Light bow | 「お疲れ様です」(おつかれさまです [otsɯkaɾe sama desɯ])(Thank you for your hard work) | Kind regard; keeping social distance |
| Polite bow | 「ありがとうございます」(ありがとう ございます [aɾiɡatoː ɡozaimasɯ])(Thank you) | Showing gratitude in form |
| Deep bow | 「申し訳ございません」(もうしわけ ございません [moːɕiwake ɡozaimasen])(I’m truly sorry) | Respect plus reflection |
| Enter a room | 「失礼します」(しつれい します [ɕitsɯɾeː ɕimasɯ])(Excuse me) | Manners before entering someone’s “inside” |
| Ending a talk | 「よろしくお願いします」(よろしく おねがいします [joɾoɕikɯ oneɡai ɕimasɯ])(Thank you in advance) | Wish to continue a good relation |
| Before hanging up | 「失礼いたします」(しつれい いたします [ɕitsɯɾeː itaɕimasɯ])(Excuse me) | Staying polite on the phone |
Mini dialogues by scene
1) Passing at work
A: 「おはようございます」(Good morning). (会釈) B: 「おはようございます」(Good morning). (会釈)
2) In a shop
Clerk: 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you). (敬礼) Customer: 「お願いします」(Please). (light 会釈)
3) Apologising for a mistake
Staff: 「このたびはご迷惑をおかけして、申し訳ございません」(I’m very sorry). (最敬礼) Boss: 「今後は気をつけてください」(Please be careful next time).
4) Entering / leaving a room
Visitor: 「失礼します」(Excuse me). (会釈して入る) Host: 「よろしくお願いいたします」(Thank you in advance). (敬礼)
Practice: try it
- Match words and angles. Which angle fits these? (会釈/敬礼/最敬礼)
a) 「ありがとうございます」 b) 「申し訳ございません」 c) 「お疲れ様です」 - Read aloud. Practise 「失礼します」「よろしくお願いします」with voice and movement.
- Role‑play: make a 1‑minute dialogue(clerk ↔ customer, boss ↔ staff).
Summary
- Bowing becomes proper etiquette when action and words are combined.
- 会釈・敬礼・最敬礼 show strength of feeling and social distance.
- 「〜いたします」「〜申し上げます」 are humble forms to honour the listener.
- In Japan, movement and words together convey considerate respect.
Next: 「ことばで知る日本のくらし③」(Everyday Japan through Words ③)
「コンビニで学ぶ日本語の敬語 ─ 『温めますか?』にある思いやり」(Honorifics at the convenience store ─ the care behind “Shall I warm it up?”)
