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Learning About Life in Japan Through Words ② Types and meanings of 「お辞儀(おじぎ)」 ─ When is a light bow right?

Kotoba Drill Editor

Today’s theme

In Japan, people bow(「お辞儀(おじぎ)」)when greeting, showing thanks, or apologising. It is not only lowering the head; depending on the situation, the angle and the words change.

This article pairs movement with language so you can understand Japanese politeness in everyday scenes.


Words of the day

JapaneseReadingMeaning & use
「会釈」(えしゃく [eɕakɯ])Light bow for brief greeting. Passing by or making eye contact.
「敬礼」(けいれい [keːɾeː])Polite, deeper bow. For customers or greeting a superior.
「最敬礼」(さいけいれい [saikeːɾeː])Deepest, longest bow. For apology or deep gratitude.
「失礼します」(しつれい します [ɕitsɯɾeː ɕimasɯ])Said when entering/leaving a room; shows respect.
「よろしくお願いします」(よろしく おねがいします [joɾoɕikɯ oneɡai ɕimasɯ])Fixed phrase asking for cooperation/continued relation.

Examples:

  • 会釈: In the corridor, give a light bow(会釈)when you pass someone.
  • 敬礼: Handing a product to a customer, bow(敬礼)and say 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you).
  • 最敬礼: After a mistake, bow deeply(最敬礼)and say 「申し訳ございません」(I am very sorry).
  • 失礼します: Knock and say 「失礼します」(Excuse me)before entering.
  • よろしくお願いします: Before work, say 「本日もよろしくお願いします」(Thank you in advance).
Callout

Point: Combine action and words. Either one alone feels incomplete.


Culture note: bowing is part of language

Japanese bowing is completed together with words. Say 「失礼します」(Excuse me)with a light bow, or 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you)with a polite bow.

“Only words” or “only attitude” can feel lacking. Together, they become proper etiquette. A quiet movement also shows respect.


Three types of bows and how to use them

TypeAngleCommon situationsCommon phrases
会釈about 15°passing by; light greeting「こんにちは」(Hello)「お疲れ様です」(Thank you for your hard work)
敬礼about 30°customer service; greeting a superior「ありがとうございます」(Thank you)「よろしくお願いします」(Thank you in advance)
最敬礼about 45°apology; deep thanks; formal scene「申し訳ございません」(I’m truly sorry)「心より感謝申し上げます」(I sincerely thank you)

The deeper the angle, the stronger the respect and feeling. 会釈 is for light greeting; 最敬礼 shows deep apology or gratitude.

Basic form(standing)

  1. Posture: back straight; feet together.
  2. Hands: by your sides(men)or lightly together in front(often in business).
  3. Angle: 15°/30°/45° as a guide; bend slowly.
  4. Eyes: look slightly down; do not stare.
  5. Timing: words → bow → return slowly.
Note

When seated, keep the same idea: straighten your back and match words with movement.

Common mistakes and tips

  • Too fast/only the neck: looks curt. Move from the upper body.
  • Smiling with 最敬礼: for deep apology/thanks, keep a calm face.
  • Wandering eyes: look slightly down to appear composed.

Grammar points: 「〜いたします」 and 「〜申し上げます」

Both are humble forms used to raise the listener.

「〜いたします」

  • Polite, modest form of 「します」.
  • Used for one’s own action.

Examples:

  • 「ご案内いたします」(I will guide you)
  • 「準備いたしました」(We have prepared it)
  • 「よろしくお願いいたします」(Thank you in advance)

「〜申し上げます」

  • Used for strong feelings such as gratitude/apology.
  • Humble form of “to say”.

Examples:

  • 「心より感謝申し上げます」(I sincerely thank you)
  • 「深くおわび申し上げます」(I deeply apologise)
  • 「新年のごあいさつを申し上げます」(I extend New Year’s greetings)
Callout

Note: 「申し上げます」 pairs well with 最敬礼. With a deep bow, it shows highest respect.


Culture and words(mapping)

ActionMatching wordsBackground
Light bow「お疲れ様です」(おつかれさまです [otsɯkaɾe sama desɯ])(Thank you for your hard work)Kind regard; keeping social distance
Polite bow「ありがとうございます」(ありがとう ございます [aɾiɡatoː ɡozaimasɯ])(Thank you)Showing gratitude in form
Deep bow「申し訳ございません」(もうしわけ ございません [moːɕiwake ɡozaimasen])(I’m truly sorry)Respect plus reflection
Enter a room「失礼します」(しつれい します [ɕitsɯɾeː ɕimasɯ])(Excuse me)Manners before entering someone’s “inside”
Ending a talk「よろしくお願いします」(よろしく おねがいします [joɾoɕikɯ oneɡai ɕimasɯ])(Thank you in advance)Wish to continue a good relation
Before hanging up「失礼いたします」(しつれい いたします [ɕitsɯɾeː itaɕimasɯ])(Excuse me)Staying polite on the phone

Mini dialogues by scene

1) Passing at work

A: 「おはようございます」(Good morning). (会釈) B: 「おはようございます」(Good morning). (会釈)

2) In a shop

Clerk: 「ありがとうございます」(Thank you). (敬礼) Customer: 「お願いします」(Please). (light 会釈)

3) Apologising for a mistake

Staff: 「このたびはご迷惑をおかけして、申し訳ございません」(I’m very sorry). (最敬礼) Boss: 「今後は気をつけてください」(Please be careful next time).

4) Entering / leaving a room

Visitor: 「失礼します」(Excuse me). (会釈して入る) Host: 「よろしくお願いいたします」(Thank you in advance). (敬礼)


Practice: try it

  1. Match words and angles. Which angle fits these? (会釈/敬礼/最敬礼)
    a) 「ありがとうございます」 b) 「申し訳ございません」 c) 「お疲れ様です」
  2. Read aloud. Practise 「失礼します」「よろしくお願いします」with voice and movement.
  3. Role‑play: make a 1‑minute dialogue(clerk ↔ customer, boss ↔ staff).

Summary

  • Bowing becomes proper etiquette when action and words are combined.
  • 会釈・敬礼・最敬礼 show strength of feeling and social distance.
  • 「〜いたします」「〜申し上げます」 are humble forms to honour the listener.
  • In Japan, movement and words together convey considerate respect.

Next: 「ことばで知る日本のくらし③」(Everyday Japan through Words ③)
「コンビニで学ぶ日本語の敬語 ─ 『温めますか?』にある思いやり」(Honorifics at the convenience store ─ the care behind “Shall I warm it up?”)

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